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# dpco2013impact

## Sitemaps

- [XML Sitemap](https://dpco2013impact.com/sitemap.xml): Contains all public & indexable URLs for this website.

## Posts

- [Hello world!](https://dpco2013impact.com/hello-world/) - Welcome to WordPress. This is your first post. Edit or delete it, then start writing!
- [Build a support desk that wins over customers](https://dpco2013impact.com/build-a-support-desk-that-wins-over-customers/) - The true benefits of using manual theme is that; it is fast, easy and has most advance features that no other wordpress support desk theme has on the market. So we recommend you to have this most waited manual theme immediately on your server for your smart manual system.
- [Help customers find solutions](https://dpco2013impact.com/help-customers-find-solutions/) - The true benefits of using manual theme is that; it is fast, easy and has most advance features that no other wordpress support desk theme has on the market. So we recommend you to have this most waited manual theme immediately on your server for your smart manual system.
- [I’ve learned people will forget…](https://dpco2013impact.com/ive-learned-people-will-forget/) - I’ve learned that people will forget what you said, people will forget what you did, but people will never forget how you made them feel *** Maya Angelou ***
- [it's time to change your help desk](https://dpco2013impact.com/its-time-to-change-your-help-desk/) - The true benefits of using manual theme is that; it is fast, easy and has most advance features that no other wordpress support desk theme has on the market. So we recommend you to have this most waited manual theme immediately on your server for your smart manual system.

## Pages

- [Home](https://dpco2013impact.com/) - Welcome! This web companion is designed to complement the research paper titled ‘Do No Harm? Unintended Consequences of Pharmaceutical Price Regulation in India’. In this web companion, we present the detailed context and results of the paper. The entire narrative in the paper and the results are presented to allow wider dissemination of the research
- [SKU Level Results](https://dpco2013impact.com/sku-sku/) - SKU: Category: Pre-Regulation Sales (average over 50 months)Post Regulation Sales (average over 12 months)Difference (Post – Pre Sales) Generalized Synthetic Control Method SCM Average Treatment Effect (4 quarters)Is SCM ATE Significant?(Philippines as control pool) Regression Discontinuity in Time Method RDiT Local Average Treatment Effect (over bandwidth)Is RDiT LATE Significant?(including covariates) Forecast (using SARIMA) Method Forecast Average Treatment Effect (12 months)(including covariates) Overall
- [Glossary](https://dpco2013impact.com/glossary-2/) - [glossary]
- [glossary](https://dpco2013impact.com/glossary/)

## My Templates

- [Tabs and Results](https://dpco2013impact.com/?elementor_library=tabs-and-results) - Preliminary Analysis Main Analysis (SCM) Triangulation (RDiT) Triangulation (Forecast) Triangulation (Placebo 1) Triangulation (Placebo 2) Difference-in-Difference (Control market: Philippines)Average decline in sales volume by 784,608 per SKU per monthAverage decline in sales by .9% per SKU per monthBased on 84 SKUs from India and Philippines over 4 quarters following the regulation Generalized Synthetic Controls (Control
- [Tables in Tabs](https://dpco2013impact.com/?elementor_library=tables-in-tabs) - OverviewWe use the detailing data from one of the largest pharmaceutical firms in the country, examining the detailing patterns for both regulated and unregulated drug brands. We obtained detailing data for 27 brands of regulated molecules from the drug portfolio of one of the country’s largest companies (represented as Brands R1 to R27). Further, we
- [Default Kit](https://dpco2013impact.com/?elementor_library=default-kit)
- [Default Kit](https://dpco2013impact.com/?elementor_library=default-kit-2)

## Docs

- [Constructed Variable: Price Reduction of Regulated SKUs](https://dpco2013impact.com/docs/donoharm/data-and-manipulation-checks/constructed-variable-price-reduction-of-regulated-skus/) - SKU-Wise Price Reduction The pharmaceutical firm gave us price data for the top 5 brands in each SKU. In the figure below, we plot the distribution of these brands in each SKU that had to reduce prices (refer chart below). When prices were below the cap, brands had to retain their current price level (no
- [Alternative Explanations](https://dpco2013impact.com/docs/donoharm/mechanism/alternative-explanations/) - OverviewWe find that the sales volumes of regulated drugs decreased post DPCO 2013. We identify alterative explanations for this decrease and rule each one out and argue that the decline is due to reduced detailing efforts by pharmaceutical firms.Retailer ResistanceDPCO 2013 fixed the retailer margin for regulated molecules at 16%, compared to 20% for unregulated
- [Difference-in-Difference Results](https://dpco2013impact.com/docs/donoharm/empirical-results/difference-in-difference-results/) - Overview We matched the SKUs of regulated molecules in India with those in the Philippines (e.g., Acetazolamide 250mg from India and Philippines). We identified 84 SKUs in the Philippines dataset that matched (exact composition and strength) the regulated SKUs in India. We present the pattern of average sales for these 84 SKUs in the two
- [SKU Wise Results](https://dpco2013impact.com/docs/donoharm/empirical-results/sku-wise-results/) - Select SKUs: Select Categories: Post-Pre Sales is?: SCM ATE is?: RDiT LATE is?: Forecast ATE is?: Significant SCM ATE?: Significant RDiT Late?: Clear filters Search SKU Category Pre-regulation average sales Post-regulation average sales Post-Pre Sales Post-Pre Sales is? SCM (ATE) SCM Estimate value is? RDiT Estimate value is? Forecast Estimate Value is? SCM Significant (1
- [Details of Regulations Post DPCO 2013](https://dpco2013impact.com/docs/donoharm/context-drug-price-control-order-2013/details-of-regulations-post-dpco-2013/) - Overview Following the implementation of the DPCO 2013, the Indian government introduced several regulatory changes to further regulate the prices of essential medicines and ensure their affordability. Evidently, the Government has introduced back-to-back changes in terms of DPCO 2015 and changes to NLEM, to address the issue of declining sales volumes of regulated drugs. These
- [History of Price Regulation in India](https://dpco2013impact.com/docs/donoharm/context-drug-price-control-order-2013/history-of-price-regulation-in-india/) - Overview Pharmaceutical price regulation in India has evolved significantly since the first Drug Price Control Order (DPCO) was introduced in 1970. These regulations have seen several revisions aimed at balancing profit margins for pharmaceutical firms and ensuring the availability of essential medicines at reasonable prices (Bellur et. al, 1985; Mookim and Khanna, 2015). We present
- [Triangulation Results](https://dpco2013impact.com/docs/donoharm/empirical-results/triangulation-results/) - Overview We have higher frequency data (monthly) from India. To leverage these data and show robustness to choice across methods, we adopt (i) an event study approach (using RDiT approach), (ii) forecast methods (using a time-series approach) and iii) placebo control approach using sales from prior periods. These approaches do not rely on the presence
- [Generalized Synthetic Control Method Results](https://dpco2013impact.com/docs/donoharm/empirical-results/generalized-synthetic-control-method-results/) - OverviewWe have multiple treated (179 regulated SKUs) units from India. We created a clean donor pool of 747 SKUs for creating synthetic controls from the Philippines data. The synthetic control for each treated SKU (179 regulated SKUs from India) was created using the pre-regulation sales volumes of the control units (747 SKUs from Philippines). As
- [Summary: Pre and Post Regulation Metrics](https://dpco2013impact.com/docs/donoharm/empirical-results/summary-pre-and-post-regulation-metrics/) - We present the pre and post-regulation summary statistics below. Specifically, we present the average monthly values for the regulated molecules in the pre-regulation (50 months prior to regulation) and post-regulation (12 months post-regulation) periods. From Table 2, we find that, in the year after regulation compared with the period before regulation, sales of regulated SKUs
- [Price Changes of Unregulated SKUs](https://dpco2013impact.com/docs/donoharm/data-and-manipulation-checks/price-changes-of-unregulated-skus/) - Overview In this page, we explore the impact of price control orders on unregulated drugs within the pharmaceutical industry. Despite the imposition of a ceiling on price increases for these drugs, pharmaceutical firms were not mandated to lower the existing prices, allowing them to preserve profit margins on unregulated molecules. We delve into an analysis
- [Heterogeneity Analysis](https://dpco2013impact.com/docs/donoharm/empirical-results/heterogeneity-analysis/) - OverviewThrough a heterogeneity analysis, we aim to uncover how specific drug characteristics influence DPCO 2013’s effects on sales volumes. The characteristics analysed include: Acute vs. ChronicDrugs are categorized based on their typical use for acute or chronic conditions. For example, Albendazole 400mg is for acute conditions like worm infections, while Amlodipine 25mg treats chronic conditions
- [Decline in Prescriptions by NonMBBS Physicians](https://dpco2013impact.com/docs/donoharm/mechanism/decline-in-prescriptions-by-nonmbbs-physicians/) - OverviewIn India, where healthcare access varies greatly across regions, Non-MBBS physicians — medical practitioners without formal allopathic degrees — play a crucial role, especially in rural and low-income urban areas. These practitioners heavily rely on pharmaceutical detailing for drug information, making any shift in detailing practices by companies particularly impactful on their prescription behaviors. As
- [Survey Evidence on Detailing – Prescription Correlations](https://dpco2013impact.com/docs/donoharm/mechanism/survey-evidence-on-detailing-prescription-correlations/) - OverviewA comprehensive survey was conducted across various locations in India to explore the correlation between pharmaceutical detailing and prescription behaviors, particularly among Non-MBBS physicians. A team of trained research assistants collected voluntary responses from 372 physicians, including 198 Clinical Practitioners/General Practitioners (CP/GPs) and 174 Non-MBBS physicians who regularly prescribe allopathic antibiotics. Participants were acknowledged with
- [Lower Detailing of Regulated Drugs](https://dpco2013impact.com/docs/donoharm/mechanism/lower-detailing-of-regulated-drugs/) - OverviewWe use the detailing data from one of the largest pharmaceutical firms in the country, examining the detailing patterns for both regulated and unregulated drug brands. We obtained detailing data for 27 brands of regulated molecules from the drug portfolio of one of the country’s largest companies (represented as Brands R1 to R27). Further, we
- [Impact of DPCO on Different Stakeholders](https://dpco2013impact.com/docs/donoharm/context-drug-price-control-order-2013/impact-of-dpco-on-different-stakeholders/) - OverviewThe DPCO 2013 affects multiple stakeholders in the system, including pharma firms, physicians, patients and retailers, each with varying responses to the price regulation. We list the stakeholders, their expected responses and outcomes below. Impact of DPCO 2013 on Different Stakeholders Pharma Firms Physicians Patients Retailers Expected Response Outcome Reduce production (DPCO 2013 had put
- [Prior Research Results on DPCO 2013](https://dpco2013impact.com/docs/donoharm/context-drug-price-control-order-2013/prior-research-results-on-dpco-2013/) - Overview The impact of DPCO 2013 on the pharmaceutical market, pricing, sales volumes, and industry response has been a subject of both formal academic studies and informal analyses. A summary of the results and findings from prior research on the Drug Price Control Order (DPCO) 2013 is presented below. While these studies provide suggestive evidence,
- [Constructed Variable: Detailing Index of Molecules](https://dpco2013impact.com/docs/donoharm/data-and-manipulation-checks/constructed-variable-detailing-index-of-molecules/) - Detailing Index (Molecule Level)We construct a detailing index for each molecule as IMS does not provide the detailing data in India. For the pre-regulation period, two industry experts with access to their company’s detailing information ranked the top 5 brands of each molecule based on the estimated position (page number) in the detailing booklet carried
- [The Indian Pharmaceutical Market](https://dpco2013impact.com/docs/donoharm/context-drug-price-control-order-2013/the-indian-pharmaceutical-market/) - Overview The Indian pharmaceutical industry, as of 2015, was valued at $22 billion in revenues, ranking 3rd globally in terms of medicine sales volume and 13th in revenue. This marks a significant evolution from 1969, when 95% of medicines sold in India were by multinational firms. The industry has since transformed, notably after the implementation
- [Terminology Used](https://dpco2013impact.com/docs/donoharm/data-and-manipulation-checks/terminology-used/) - Molecule In the context of pharmaceuticals, a “molecule” refers to the active ingredient in a medicine, which is responsible for its therapeutic effect. The term denotes the generic name of a drug.Eg. ‘Atorvastatin’ is considered a molecule. It is the active ingredient used to lower cholesterol levels in the blood. SKU (Stock Keeping Unit) An
- [Summary of Results](https://dpco2013impact.com/docs/donoharm/empirical-results/summary-of-results/) - Preliminary Analysis Main Analysis (SCM) Triangulation (RDiT) Triangulation (Forecast) Triangulation (Placebo 1) Triangulation (Placebo 2) Difference-in-Difference (Control market: Philippines)Average decline in sales volume by 784,608 per SKU per monthAverage decline in sales by .9% per SKU per monthBased on 84 SKUs from India and Philippines over 4 quarters following the regulation Generalized Synthetic Controls (Control
- [Details of DPCO 2013](https://dpco2013impact.com/docs/donoharm/context-drug-price-control-order-2013/details-of-dpco-2013/) - OverviewIn May 2013, the Department of Pharmaceuticals (DoP) of India brought 348 specific formulations (molecules or combinations of molecules) listed in the National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM; a list of 348 formulations including oral solids, liquids, infusions etc., constituted by an expert committee in 2011) under price control by the Drug Price Control Order
- [Do No Harm? Unintended Consequences Of Pharmaceutical Price Regulation In India](https://dpco2013impact.com/docs/donoharm/)
- [Conclusions](https://dpco2013impact.com/docs/donoharm/conclusions/) - SummaryPrice regulation, aimed at manufacturer prices and margins, has inadvertently reduced marketing incentives, leading to decreased detailing efforts and a shift towards more profitable unregulated drugs within the same therapeutic class.The imposition of a price ceiling was expected to increase demand while decreasing supply, potentially causing shortages. However, firms have responded by reducing detailing efforts,
- [Data Preparation and Constructed Variables](https://dpco2013impact.com/docs/donoharm/data-and-manipulation-checks/data-preparation-and-constructed-variables/) - In this section, we provide details of data source, data cleaning, missing data and sample selection details, where appropriate.Sales Monthly sales data from May 2009 to June 2014 (62 months) of all SKUs of 105 regulated formulations was extracted from IMS Health (now IQVIA) (provided by the pharmaceutical firm). There were a total of 195
- [Context: Drug Price Control Order 2013](https://dpco2013impact.com/docs/donoharm/context-drug-price-control-order-2013/)
- [Data and Manipulation Checks](https://dpco2013impact.com/docs/donoharm/data-and-manipulation-checks/)
- [Mechanism](https://dpco2013impact.com/docs/donoharm/mechanism/)
- [Empirical Results](https://dpco2013impact.com/docs/donoharm/empirical-results/)

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